Olfactory sensory and perceptual evaluation in newborn infants: A systematic review.

Fetuses are able to process olfactory stimuli present in the womb and continue to show a preference for these odors for months after birth. Despite the accumulated knowledge about their early ability to perceive odors, there is a lack of validated scales for odor response in newborns. The evaluation of reactions of the olfactory system to environmental stimuli in infants has been defined by methodological theoretical approaches of experimental and clinical assessment tools. These approaches are mainly based on psychophysical approaches and predominantly use behavioral and physiological measures. Examples can be found in studies describing early abilities of newborn babies for behaviors or heart rate variability showing memory of maternal food preferences or mother's breast milk. This systematic review aimed to determine whether validated odor assessment tools can be feasibly used in studies. Particularly in light of the current COVID-19 pandemic and evidence of associated olfactory impairment resulting from SARS-COV-2 infection, the study is also motivated by the need for tools to assess olfactory function in neonates.

Olfactory sensory evaluation in newborn children of women infected with COVID-19 during pregnancy / Avaliação sensorial olfativa em crianças recémnascidas de mulheres infectadas com COVID-19 durante a gravidez

INTRODUCTION: In adults, olfactory loss is one of the earliest and most frequent acute clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The number of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 is relatively small, perhaps due to the lower expression of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) in children compared to adults. Little is known about foetal impairment in mothers infected with SARS-CoV-2. This paper describes an ongoing scientific project on smell perception in infantsOBJECTIVE: The goal of the study is to develop and validate a behavioural evaluative scale of olfactory perception in healthy newborns and to apply this scale to newborn children of women infected with COVID-19 during pregnancy comparing to newborn children of women without COVID-19 infection history, in order to compare these groupsMETHODS: This is a retrospective comparative analytical cohort study of 300 newborns exposed and unexposed to COVID-19 during pregnancy. The data collection will follow the experimental procedure in a previous study that explored odours of the maternal breastmilk, vanilla (sweet) and distilled water (neutral). A coffee smell was implemented as an addition to this previous study in order to include acid/bitterness category to the categories of stimuliDISCUSSION: It is feasible to argue the hypothesis of the involvement of the foetus' olfactory bulb as one of the indelible pathophysiological manifestations to the clinical diagnosis of COVID-19 with neurosensory olfactory deficit in foetuses and newborns affected by intrauterine infection. This study aims to investigate if newborn children of women infected with COVID-19 during pregnancy have olfactory sensory changes. The clinical trial was registered in the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC- RBR-65qxs2

INTRODUÇÃO: Em adultos, a perda olfativa é uma das manifestações clínicas agudas mais precoces e frequentes da infecção por SARS-CoV-2. O número de crianças infectadas com SARS-CoV-2 é pequeno, talvez devido à menor expressão da Enzima Conversora da Angiotensina 2 (ACE2) em crianças em comparação com adultos. Pouco se sabe sobre o comprometimento fetal em mães infectadas com SARS-CoV-2. Este artigo descreve um projeto em andamento sobre a percepção olfativa em bebês recém-nascidosOBJETIVO: o objetivo do presente estudo é desenvolver e validar uma escala de avaliação comportamental da percepção olfativa em recém-nascidos saudáveis e aplicá-la a recém-nascidos de mulheres infectadas com COVID-19 durante a gravidez e comparar a recém-nascidos de mulheres sem histórico de infecção por COVID-19MÉTODO: Este é um estudo de coorte analítico comparativo retrospectivo de 300 recém-nascidos expostos e não expostos ao COVID-19 durante a gravidez. A coleta de dados seguirá o procedimento experimental de estudo anterior que explorou odores do leite materno, baunilha (doce) e água destilada (neutro). Um cheiro de café foi implementado como um complemento a este estudo anterior, a fim de incluir a categoria ácido / amargo nas categorias de estímulosDISCUSSÃO: É possível argumentar a hipótese do envolvimento do bulbo olfatório do feto durante a vida intrauterina como uma das manifestações fisiopatológicas indeléveis para o diagnóstico clínico de COVID-19 com déficit olfatório neurossensorial em fetos e recém-nascidos afetados por infecção intrauterina. Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar se filhos recém-nascidos de mulheres infectadas com COVID-19 durante a gravidez apresentam alterações sensoriais olfativas. O ensaio clínico foi registrado no Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (ReBEC- RBR-65qxs2

Development of a Digital Video-Based Occupational Risk Assessment Method.

The development and implementation of an observational video-based risk assessment is described. Occupational risk assessment is one of the most important yet also challenging tasks for employers. Most assessment tools to date use questionnaires, expert interviews, and similar tools. Video analysis is a promising tool for risk assessment, but it needs an objective basis. A video of a plastering worker was recorded using a 360° camera. The recording was then analyzed using the developed observational matrix concerning Work Characteristics, Work Activities as well as potential risks. Risk factors present during the video of the work included lifting, fall from ladder, hazardous substances as well as occasionally bad posture. The worker had no or just one risk factor present during most of the time of the video recording, while only 16 s with more than one risk factor present according to the observational matrix. The paper presents a promising practical method to assess occupational risks on a case-by-case basis. It can help with the risk assessment process in companies which is required by law in some industrialized countries. The matrix in combination with video analysis is a first step toward digital observational risk assessment. It can also be the basis of an automated risk assessment process.

Performance differences between instructions on paper vs digital glasses for a simple assembly task.

OBJECTIVE: Providing instruction for assembly tasks is essential in modern manufacturing industry, as well as in households for customers that buy products to be assembled at home. Recent technological developments might be able to assist in completing an assembly task faster and more accurately. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether performance and usability differs when instructions for an assembly task are presented on digital glasses versus paper. METHODS: Participants (n = 63) completed one of three versions of an assembly task (between-subject-design) with LEGO® bricks: (1) with paper instruction (P), (2) with text instructions presented stepwise via digital glasses (GT), (3) with stepwise text and auditory instruction (in parallel) on digital glasses (GA). Outcome measures on performance were completion time and errors. Furthermore, usability was measured by the User Experience Questionnaire, the Standardized Usability Questionnaire, the Post-Study Usability Questionnaire, and cognitive processing skills were assessed by the Trail Making Test and different versions of the Eriksen Flanker Task. Analyses were adjusted for the confounding factors age, gender, experience with glasses and LEGO, and problems with instruction. RESULTS: Findings indicate that task completion was faster with the paper instructions compared to both versions of instruction via digital glasses (GT, GA). We observed no difference in accuracy and usability between the instructions. "Novelty" was rated higher for instructions for both GT and GA, compared to P. DISCUSSION: Results show that instructions on digital glasses may not always be more effective for assembly than the traditional paper-based instructions. Further studies are necessary to investigate whether effectiveness may depend on task complexity, target group, experience of the user with task and device, and how the information is presented.

Evaluation of a multidisciplinary concept of mental demands at work on cognitive functioning in old age.

OBJECTIVES: Previous work has shown that high mental demands are associated with better cognitive functioning in old age. As there is a lack of a general conceptual framework for this association, the aim of the study was to investigate how mental demands and other work-related factors relate to cognitive functioning as a foundation for developing such a framework. METHODS: An expert panel discussion was conducted with the aim of determining relevant work-related factors, which were then tested in a survey with 346 employees aged 50+ years, who were actively working. Assessment of cognitive functioning comprised complex attention, executive function, learning/memory, language, perceptual-motor, and social cognition. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to confirm factor belonging. Associations with cognitive functioning were analyzed using structure equation modelling to confirm associations and to identify additional direct and indirect paths. RESULTS: Only 42.3% (22/52) of the work-related factors and 19.0% (4/21) of the mediating paths suggested by the experts were significant with respect to cognitive functioning. Factor analysis and structural equation modeling indicated that high mental demands are only associated with better cognitive functioning in old age to the extent that they are intellectually stimulating and this effect is embedded in individual capacities and the social context. CONCLUSION: Based on the panel discussion and the empirical testing, we propose the Conceptual Framework of Social Dependency of Intellectual Stimulation on Cognitive Health. We recommend researchers and workplace health experts to pay attention to the component of this theory when assessing workplace risk.

Relevance of the assessment mode in the digital assessment of processing speed.

Introduction: Many medical facilities and research institutes start using digital assessment methods to assess cognitive abilities, such as processing speed, instead of the traditional pen and paper versions. Even though many of the new digital assessment methods have shown to have a stable internal validity, the comparability of results across assessment modes is unclear. The study investigated whether results for assessing processing speed via (i) the traditional pen and paper version, (ii) a tablet and pen version, and (iii) a tablet and finger version are comparable. Methods: In a within-subject design, each participant (N= 30) completed the 90-number version by Oswald and Roth (1987) of the trail-making test (TMT) in three different assessment modes in randomized order. Each participant completed four TMT versions in each assessment mode (3 × 4 within-subject design). Results: Repeated measures ANOVA and mixed-effects analyses adjusted for age, gender, mode order, and trial number reveal significantly faster test TMT completion times (about 5 s) for the tablet and pen version compared to the pen and paper and the tablet and finger version. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that assessing processing speed can lead to different results with different digital versions depending on their setup, especially different input devices. Medical professionals and researchers who use digital assessment methods to assess cognitive abilities need to be aware of mode effects, even within the digital assessment domain, because the results may not be comparable and the available norms may not be applicable.

The Development of a Multiple-Item Annoyance Scale (MIAS) for Transportation Noise Annoyance.

In 2001, Team#6 of the International Commission on Biological Effects of Noise (ICBEN) recommended the use of two single international standardised questions and response scales. This recommendation has been widely accepted in the scientific community. Nevertheless, annoyance can be regarded as a multidimensional construct comprising the three elements: (1) experience of an often repeated noise-related disturbance and the behavioural response to cope with it, (2) an emotional/attitudinal response to the sound and its disturbing impact, and (3) the perceived control or coping capacity with regard to the noise situation. The psychometric properties of items reflecting these three elements have been explored for aircraft noise annoyance. Analyses were conducted using data of the NORAH-Study (Noise-Related Annoyance, Cognition, and Health), and a multi-item noise annoyance scale (MIAS) has been developed and tested post hoc by using a stepwise process (exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses). Preliminary results were presented to the 12th ICBEN Congress in 2017. In this study, the validation of MIAS is done for aircraft noise and extended to railway and road traffic noise. The results largely confirm the concept of MIAS as a second-order construct of annoyance for all of the investigated transportation noise sources; however, improvements can be made, in particular with regard to items addressing the perceived coping capacity.

Development and psychometric properties of the sound preference and hearing habits questionnaire (SP-HHQ).

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was, based on the individualisation of hearing aids (HA) and pre-sets for audio devices, to develop a questionnaire to determine the basis for profiling sound preferences and hearing habits to gather additional information usable for HA fitting and adjustment tools for audio-devices. METHODS: We developed a questionnaire consisting of 46 items. A postal survey was conducted with N = 622 users with a mean age of 66 years (47.9% aided with HA, 45.7% female). RESULTS: Seven factors were identified by means of Explanatory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses: F1: 'Annoyance/distraction by background noise', F2: 'Importance of sound quality', F3: 'Noise Sensitivity', F4: 'Avoidance of unpredictable sounds', F5: 'Openness towards loud/new sounds', F6: 'Preferences for warm sounds', and F7: 'Details of environmental sounds/music'. Only the first of these factors was related to the audiogram of the user. No difference with any of the factors could be observed with HA use/non-use. In contrast, gender effects were found with female respondents preferring warm sounds and being more sensitive to noise. CONCLUSIONS: The sound preference and hearing habits questionnaire (SP-HHQ) is a usable tool for profiling the users with respect to sound preferences relevant for HA fitting and pre-sets for audio devices.